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发布: najmu5653 - 04-03-2022, 06:07 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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发布: diparani - 04-02-2022, 08:42 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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发布: diparani - 04-02-2022, 08:38 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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发布: diparani - 04-02-2022, 08:37 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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looking for? This step is essential to know what type of content you need to develop and how you should present it. Step 5: Look for patterns and trends in the demographics and behaviors of Isabel and your target audience Thus, you will distinguish which part of your audience to target and you b2b database will be able to personalize the content. These are some factors that you could consider: keywords that they enter in Internet search engines, type of content that they consume, sources of information that they use, specific behavior within the company's website, etc. I recommend using MakeMyPersona , a tool from Hubspot that uses a very detailed questionnaire to help you build your ideal client. It is important that you do not miss any information that you need to create a buyer persona [url=https://www.latestdatabase.com/b2b-email-list/][/url]
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HOW TO CONVINCE YOUR FINANCIAL Mexico Phone Number List DEPARTMENT THAT YOUR TRAINING |
发布: shatikhatun - 01-17-2022, 03:27 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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You are convinced that digitizing your training will al Mexico Phone Number List low you to increase the involvement of your learners, increase the productivity of your trainers and significantly improve the level of retention of the lessons provided. You are right, many studies show this. But you also Mexico Phone Number List your financial department. And they ask for more than convictions, they want tangible elements. They are not wrong either, the digitization of training only makes sense if it increases its efficiency. Here are some elements that can help you Mexico Phone Number List your argument : Digital allows very progressive investments . You can start by digitizing a training or even a module in a training. You test, you measure and then you go to the next dimension. Digital makes it possible to increase the productivity of trainers . The example of flipped classrooms is obvious. Instead of rigidly blocking fixed and often long time slots, learners access knowledge Mexico Phone Number List , when and in the medium that suits them best. The time of the trainers is saved, which is only devoted to questions/answers and, possibly, to the test of knowledge. Digital reduces direct costs: room rental, disruptions to the working day, transport and organizational costs, particularly if your teams are spread over several sites in France and abroad.
Digital promotes learner engagement and retention of information. It responds to a key expectation, Any time, Anywhere, Any device Mexico Phone Number List. The training courses, divided into short modules, are accessible when learners are most available, including outside office hours. More attentive, they retain information better. In the same way, digital makes it possible to go at everyone's pace instead of imposing a common pace, by definition unsuited to particular cases. By reducing the fear of failure, it promotes commitment. The variety of tools (interactive exercises, serious games, video, motion design, podcasts, dynamic presentations, quizzes, etc.) makes it possible to adapt to the audiences and the subjects covered and promotes sharing between learners. Direct Mexico Phone Number List between them limit the use of trainers.Define the success criteria for your training and commit to measuring them When we talk about training, it can be difficult to measure specific financial KPIs, so we talk more about ROE (Return on expectations).
Since the 1960s, the reference in this area has been the Kirkpatrick model built in 4 levels. This model, updated in 2010, makes it possible to identify quite Mexico Phone Number List the points to be measured. Above all, speaking of level 4, it has the merit of training integrating into the overall strategic project of the company by forcing itself to answer the question "what are the Mexico Phone Number List objectives to which training can contribute?" ". Training is no longer seen only as a cost, a necessary evil, but as a source of operational improvement, and therefore of growth.
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Monitor your ad campaign The first step Australia Mobile Number Database to preventin |
发布: setlotoat - 01-15-2022, 10:19 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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You won't know your audience lost interest in your ads if you're not tracking your ads' performances. The first step to combating ad fatigue is monitoring your ad campaign to see how your audience Australia Mobile Number Database interacts with your content. When you regularly watch your ads, you can see when audience engagement starts to drop. So, what metrics should you monitor for ad fatigue? Frequency and CTR: Frequency: One of the most important metrics to track for digital advertising fatigue is frequency.
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2021。9月美国可助听设备专利 |
发布: sharylh - 11-01-2021, 03:22 PM - 版块: 市场动态
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Patent List for September 2021
Description
Patent Number
Assignee
Issued
Subscription-based wireless service for a hearing device
K/S HIMPP (Lynge, DK)
9/07/2021
Systems and methods for antenna and ground plane mounting schemes for in-ear headphone
Bose Corporation (Framingham, MA)
9/07/2021
In-ear active noise-cancelling earphone
Austrian Audio GmbH (Vienna, AT)
9/07/2021
System and method for multiplexed ultrasound hearing
Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN)
9/07/2021
System and method for aiding hearing
Texas Institute of Science Inc (Richardson, TX)
9/07/2021
Signal amplifier
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/07/2021
Methods and systems for hearing device signal enhancement using a remote microphone
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/07/2021
Hearing device for own voice detection and method of operating a hearing device
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/07/2021
Low-power differential communication architectures
Advanced Bionics AG (Staefa, CH) bionics
9/07/2021
Hearing systems, sensor systems, and methods for detecting a physiological attribute of a user
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/07/2021
Binaural dialogue enhancement
Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation (San Francisco, CA), Dolby International AB (Amsterdam Zuidoost, NL)
9/07/2021
Surgical tool
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/07/2021
Extended length antenna assembly for use within a multi-component system
Advanced Bionics AG (Staefa, CH) bionics
9/07/2021
Earbud case
LG Electronics Inc (Seoul, KR)
9/07/2021
Earbud case
LG Electronics Inc (Seoul, KR)
9/07/2021
Earbud case
LG Electronics Inc (Seoul, KR)
9/07/2021
Natural ear
Board of Regent, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX)
9/14/2021
Systems and methods for wirelessly transmitting power and data to an implantable stimulator
Advanced Bionics AG (Staefa, CH) bionics
9/14/2021
Method and apparatus for on ear detect
Cirrus Logic International Semiconductor Ltd (Austin, TX)
9/14/2021
Hearing sensitivity acquisition methods and devices
Staton Techiya LLC (Delray Beach, FL)
9/14/2021
Hearing device comprising a vent with an adjustable acoustic valve
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/14/2021
Hearing test system and method for a hearing test
Merry Electronics (Shenzhen) Co Ltd (Guangdong, CN)
9/14/2021
Method and device for the improved perception of one’s own voice
Sivantos Pte Ltd (Singapore, SG)
9/14/2021
Hearing device configured to utilize non-audio information to process audio signals
Oticon A/S (Smorum, DK)
9/14/2021
System and method for personalizing a hearing aid
Widex A/S (Lynge, DK)
9/14/2021
Ear-worn electronic device incorporating magnetically coupled feed for an antenna
Starkey Laboratories Inc (Eden Prairie, MN)
9/14/2021
Volume control for external devices and a hearing device
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/14/2021
Hearing aid dryer and disinfection kit
Applicant: Schumaier, Daniel R (Elizabethton, TN)
9/14/2021
Devices and methods for binaural spatial processing and projection of audio signals
The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA)
9/14/2021
Hearing aid
Xiamen Retone Hearing Technology Co Ltd (Xiamen, CN)
9/14/2021
Cochlear implants including electrode arrays and methods of making the same
Advanced Bionics AG (Staefa, CH) bionics
9/21/2021
Acoustic output device with antenna
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/21/2021
Antenna apparatus for use with medical implants
Advanced Bionics AG (Staefa, CH) bionics
9/21/2021
Sound processing with increased noise suppression
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/21/2021
Hearing device with acoustic shock control and method for acoustic shock control in a hearing device
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/21/2021
Electronic devices with protective capacity
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/21/2021
Hearing aid device comprising a sensor member
Oticon A/S (Smorum, DK)
9/21/2021
Grouping of hearing device users based on spatial sensor input
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/21/2021
Hearing aid and method for use of same
Texas Institute of Science Inc (Richardson, TX)
9/21/2021
Filter for a microphone system, a microphone system, a miniature electronic device and a method of equipping a printed circuit board
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/21/2021
Implantable medical device comprising a wireless transcutaneous link
Oticon Medical A/S (Smorum, DK)
9/21/2021
Charging and drying station for hearing aid device
Applicant: Serene Group Inc (Norwalk, CA)
9/21/2021
Transducer placement for growth accommodation
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/21/2021
Bone conduction skin interface
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/21/2021
Bone bed drilling template
Cochlear Limited (Macquarie University, AU)
9/28/2021
Wireless earbud
Amazon Technologies Inc (Seattle, WA)
9/28/2021
Earbud speech estimation
Cirrus Logic International Semiconductor Ltd (Austin, TX)
9/28/2021
Acoustic receiver-in-canal ear tip
Knowles Electronics LLC (Itasca, IL)
9/28/2021
Hearing aid and method for use of same
Texas Institute of Science Inc (Richardson, TX)
9/28/2021
Method of operating a hearing aid system and a hearing aid system
Widex A/S (Lynge, DK)
9/28/2021
Hearing assistance device with smart audio focus control
International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY)
9/28/2021
Dual wireless audio streams transmission allowing for spatial diversity or own voice pickup (OVPU)
Sonova AG (Stafa, CH)
9/28/2021
Hearing aid comprising a physiological sensor
Oticon A/S (Smorum, DK)
9/28/2021
Hearing device with wax guard interface
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/28/2021
Hearing aid
Sonova AG (Staefa, CH)
9/28/2021
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OTC助听器的规定超过了我们想像的OTC |
发布: sharylh - 10-31-2021, 11:37 PM - 版块: 市场动态
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Today, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published its proposed rules for a new category of over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids in the Federal Register. Designed to make hearing aids more affordable and accessible for people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss, the new proposed regulations are more extensive than expected—essentially breaking hearing aids up into two categories for the purpose of labeling: “OTC hearing aids” and “prescription hearing aids” (professionally dispensed aids). The regulations are crafted to create a new OTC class of hearing aids that could be sold directly to consumers in stores or online without a medical exam or fitting by a hearing care professional (HCP). Mandated by the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (FDARA), the FDA says it also wishes to increase competition in the market while ensuring the safety and effectiveness of both OTC and prescription hearing aids.
The 114-page rules document, “Medical Devices; Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices; Establishing Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids,” covers most aspects related to OTC hearing aid manufacturing, electroacoustic requirements, packaging and labeling, returns, and conditions for sale. In an effort to promote more consistency in the regulations and enforcement of hearing aid manufacturing and distribution, the FDA is also proposing several important changes that would affect the industry and state-wide hearing aid dispensing. In fact, it appears that the FDA is proposing to remove professionally dispensed hearing aids from its restricted device category. It states:
This rulemaking also affects other existing regulations that apply to hearing aids. FDA has established device restrictions for hearing aids that include labeling requirements as well as conditions for sale. We are proposing to remove these device restrictions for hearing aids, and establish a new regulation for prescription hearing aid labeling. Further, FDA has by regulation granted or denied exemptions from Federal preemption for State requirements pertaining to hearing aids. The removal of the device restrictions on hearing aids, as well as certain provisions of FDARA, impact most of these previous exemption decisions, for example, by altering their scope. We are proposing to remove the regulations codifying these decisions and establish other regulations clarifying some of the effects of statutory preemption under FDARA.
In the document, FDA refers repeatedly to recommendations made by the President’s Council of Advisors for Science and Technology (PCAST) and the Committee on Accessible and Affordable Hearing Health Care for Adults, a part of the National Academies of Sciences and Medicine (NASEM). However, at least when it comes to the extremely important issue of output levels which largely determines the hearing loss severity range treatable by OTC devices, the Agency sided with positions advocated by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) instead of those promulgated by the OTC Hearing Aid Consensus Statement published by AAA, ADA, IHS, and ASHA (for a summary, see Oct 2018 Hearing Review, pgs 8-9) and endorsed by the Hearing Industries Association (HIA). With up to a 120 dB SPL output limit proposed for the new OTC devices, a closed-fit OTC hearing aid could creep into the severe hearing loss range.
Additionally, FDA refers to the new device category as “OTC hearing aids” whereas it had been recommended by the consensus statement they be called “self-fit over-the-counter hearing devices” so as not to cause any further confusion among consumers.
OTC hearing aid manufacturers would be given a pass by FDA when it comes to product returns if the new regulations go unchanged; however, state or local requirements for returns would continue to apply provided they don’t conflict with the FDA’s final rulemaking. Additionally, the manufacturer would need to describe their return policy (or lack thereof) on the product packaging.
For a good deal of the other issues—ranging from product labeling to electroacoustic specifications— the new rules for OTC hearing aids hew fairly close to the consensus statement positions advocated by the professional organizations. At several places within the rules, there is emphasis that OTC hearing aids are intended for use by adults ages 18 and older with mild-to-moderate losses.
Importantly, the OTC Hearing Aid regulations, in accordance with the FDARA of 2017, would preempt any state or local requirements specifically related to hearing products that “would restrict or interfere with commercial activity involving OTC hearing aids, including any state or local requirement for the supervision, prescription, or other order, involvement, or intervention of a licensed person for consumers to access OTC hearing aids,” according to the document. In other words, non-professionals and professionals alike can dispense OTC hearing aid products; however, the regulations are not meant to interfere with or pre-empt state requirements regulating professional services of audiologists, hearing aid specialists, or speech pathologists.
Consolidating Hearing Device Categories
Over the years, FDA has created different regulations for the variety of hearing devices as technology and use-cases evolved. FDA would now like to re-align and categorize its hearing aid regulations by “sound-conduction mode.” It proposes combining wireless and non-wireless (“legacy”) hearing aids, as well as self-fit hearing aids (eg, Bose Self-fitting Hearing Aid), into an “air conduction hearing aid” class, including OTC hearing aids as a separate subset. It would also retain the separate classification regulation for bone-conduction devices. FDA says this realignment would not affect the device class or premarket notification exemption status (ie, 510k filing requirements) of any existing device. Additionally, for the sake of consistency, some special controls for wireless hearing aids would be removed and replaced by the proposed labeling requirements for both OTC and prescription hearing aids.
As shown above, FDA is calling for something of a “clean slate” when it comes to the agency’s previous decisions about state and local exemptions on conditions for sale of hearing aids. Over the past four decades, FDA has granted or denied hundreds of state exemptions pertaining to hearing aids, with some exemptions pre-empting others in confusing ways. It is proposing removal of these decisions and establishment of other regulations, along with a more transparent system that would better clarify the rules in each state for all stakeholders. (This is perhaps one of the most complicated pieces of the regulatory puzzle, and will be addressed in later articles.)
A Deeper Dive into Some Specifics in the Proposed OTC Regulations
The above withstanding, here are some of the high-points of the newly proposed OTC regulations:
Loudness limits. Perhaps the most important debate topic for OTC hearing aids revolves around safe volume levels for consumers. In the FDARA of 2017, Congress mandated that the new OTC classification be for mild-to-moderate hearing losses, typically defined from 20-55 dBHL. The proposed rule might be seen as very liberal in its allowance of output, with a maximum OSPL90 of 120 dB SPL for an OTC hearing aid that implements input-controlled compression and a user-adjustable device volume control (VC), and a 115 dB SPL for those that do not. “This is because a user adjustable volume control allows the user to reduce the output below the maximum, in effect, further reducing the device’s limit,” states the agency. “Input-controlled compression is an automatic function that dynamically reduces the output of frequency ranges based on the input. Both of these design features thus reduce the likelihood that a user will experience high acoustic outputs, at the device’s limit, at any given moment.”
However, these proposed 115-120 dB SPL limits substantially exceed those recommended by the OTC Hearing Aid Consensus Statement, and could push a closed-fit OTC hearing aid into the severe hearing loss category. In the consensus paper, the four national hearing care organizations recommended OTC devices to be intended only for mild-to-moderate hearing losses of 26-55 dB HL with a 110 dB max output (26 dB max HFA-FOG), while offering input compression and volume controls. In the July 2020 edition of Hearing Review, three audiologists from the hearing industry published data that showed how, based on the audiograms of over 28,000 adults, commercially available hearing aids programmed according to parameters typical of people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss yield output and gain levels well within the consensus-recommended limits of 110 dB SPL output and 25 dB gain.
The agency is proposing not to restrict loudness levels for OTC hearing aids based on gain because it believes the proposed maximum output limit, along with the other requirements, provides “reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness without limiting the device gain also.” It points out that gain characteristics can depend on the implementation of the amplification circuit design (eg, linear vs WDRC), and wishes to allow for more technological innovations for the upcoming device class.
Electroacoustic requirements. The proposed regulations also include a subset of tests and specifications adopted from the ANSI/CTA-2051 voluntary standard for amplification devices. The FDA believes the following provide “reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness, as well as set an objective baseline for device performance”: - Distortion control limits;
- Self-generated noise limits;
- Latency limit;
- Frequency response bandwidth, and
- Frequency response smoothness limits.
As reported by Hearing Review, the inclusion of electroacoustic tests and performance standards for OTC hearing aid regulation were a hotly debated topic at the June 9, 2017 NASEM Dissemination Meeting. There was a wide range of opinions on what to include in the standards or even if a voluntary standard, as advocated by CTA at the earlier FTC Workshop, would better serve consumers.
Other OTC hearing aid design requirements. Other proposed design requirements to ensure proper physical fit and prevent user injury, include:- Maximum insertion depth;
- Eartips made from atraumatic materials;
- Proper physical fit, and
- Tools, tests, or software allowing the lay user to control the device and customize it to the user’s hearing needs.
Returns-for-credit and rebuilt/reused aids. Manufacturers of OTC hearing aids would not need to offer returns-for-credit, although state or local requirements for returns would continue to apply provided they do not conflict with the final rule based on this rulemaking. FDA is seeking comments on this issue.
Consistent with existing regulations, FDA proposes that any reused or rebuilt hearing aid contain labeling both on the packaging, as well as a tag on the hearing aid itself, disclosing that fact.
Outside package labeling. Outside the package, the FDA is proposing for OTC hearing aids:- A conspicuous warning that the device is not for users younger than 18 years old;
- Symptoms of perceived mild-to-moderate hearing loss (with examples);
- Considerations for seeking a consultation with a hearing healthcare professional, and
- Red flag conditions.
Under the proposed regulations, the outside packaging would also need to include a web address and phone number to access the more detailed inside-the-package information (see below) via a digital or mailed printed copy. The labeling would not require cellphone compatibility or battery information. As mentioned above, the packaging needs to disclose its return policy and if the product was reused/rebuilt, consistent with existing rules.
With regard to the red flags, the FDA is recommending that the duration of red flag symptoms for OTC hearing aid users be lengthened from the last 3 months to 6 months in order to provide greater consumer safety.
Inside-package labeling. Inside the OTC hearing aid packaging, the manufacturer should include:- Warnings, cautions, and notes, including a conspicuous statement warning against the use of the OTC hearing aid in people younger than 18 years old, as well as a warning regarding “red flag” medical conditions to prompt consumers to consult with a licensed physician and a note about how to report adverse events to FDA;
- Illustrations about the controls, user adjustments, and the battery compartment;
- A description of any accessory that accompanies the OTC hearing aid;
- Adequate directions for use of the product, including details for sizing and inserting the eartip as well as the tools, tests, or software that allow the user to control and customize the OTC hearing aid to the user’s hearing needs (eg, to self-select, self-fit, and self-check the performance of the device);
- Technical specifications to allow users, prospective users, and others to evaluate and compare the performance of OTC hearing aids;
- Description of commonly occurring, avoidable events that could adversely affect or damage the OTC hearing aid;
- Identification of known physiological side effects associated with using the OTC hearing aid that may warrant consultation with a physician, including but not limited to skin irritation and accelerated build-up of ear wax (cerumen accumulation);
- Information on repair services; and
- Information from clinical and non-clinical studies pertaining to the product.
The report says FDA is still considering inclusion of other information, including technical information similar to that required for all hearing aids which can be useful for HCPs in the selection and servicing of the devices. FDA intends to issue a separate comprehensive guidance document at a later date that discusses, in part, labeling information with the goals of increasing transparency and choice to consumers.
Labeling on the OTC hearing aid. As proposed in the rules, each OTC hearing aid would have its serial number printed directly on the device and include battery orientation symbols, if applicable. It also needs to have a tag physically attached to the device stating it has been reused/rebuilt if that is the case (in addition to the outside packaging).
Quality system controls and good manufacturing practices. This is also an area that the agency is soliciting more information about.
Proposed Changes for Professionally Fit Hearing Aids
As noted above, the FDA is also proposing the repeal and changes to certain conditions for sale of hearing aids as “restricted devices” prescribed by HCPs. Another important change is eliminating the requirement of a medical evaluation prior to obtaining professionally dispensed (or what the FDA is calling “prescription”) hearing aids, broadly referred to in our field as the “medical waiver”. Essentially, the requirement of a medical waiver is now up to state/local and professional licensing boards. While the FDA had announced in December 2016 that it would no longer enforce the medical waiver requirement, this would more firmly codify its position, placing it more in line with the proposed OTC regulations.
Likewise, to more closely match safety measures with the new OTC regulations, the proposed rules would require professionally dispensed hearing aid labeling to include warnings about underlying pathological conditions, use in people younger than 18 without a medical evaluation, and potential injury from high outputs. The proposed regulations also call for the disclosure by manufacturers of certain technical specifications (re: ANSI/ASAS3.22-2014) necessary for the appropriate selection and fitting of the device by the professional.
Timeline to the Finalized Rules
A 90-day comment period will be in effect, and this is typically followed by a 180-day period during which FDA reviews comments received, makes changes to its proposed rules, writes a preamble, and obtains the necessary sign-offs. Once finalized, the rule would be effective 60 days after publication in the Federal Register. That means, barring an accelerated timeline, it will be at least another 11 months before the final rules go into effect, pushing OTC into about September 2022.
You can submit comments electronically at the FDA electronic filing system at https://www.regulations.gov. There are also ways to submit the comments with confidential information, and these are detailed in the proposed rules document.
About the author: Karl Strom is editor of The Hearing Review and has been reporting on hearing healthcare issues for over 25 years.
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AI+区块链,能否颠覆百亿美元的助听器产业--转载 |
发布: sharylh - 09-27-2021, 05:40 AM - 版块: 市场动态
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原标题:AI+区块链,能否颠覆百亿美元的助听器产业?
人类的听觉具有神奇能力,闻声识人、听声辨物,往往也能从声音预测下一个动作,例如当你听到钥匙的碰撞声,会猜想有人即将打开门,声音能在脑中与各种想法建立连接,是对世界的探索及理解重要的能力。
让机器获得人类感官能力,以发展出更聪明的人工智能,一直是主流的看法,如自动驾驶,刷脸,物体识别是以视觉为主,也有许多科学家投入机器听觉的研究,广泛讨论的对象是自动语音识别(ASR),常见于智能语音助理,智能音箱等产品,相较于通过机器学习创造出各种新潮的应用,刺激民众消费,借其之力以改善某些群体生活上的不便利,或许更能彰显出 AI 的价值,机器学习改善助听器,就是一例。
苹果 AirPods 也想分杯羹?
调研机构 MarketsandMarkets 指出,全球助听器(含人工耳蜗)市场 2017 年规模大约 69.7 亿美元,2020 年预计将成长到 97.8 亿美元,接近百亿美元水平,需求成长主要来自老年人口增加。而在助听器领域有所谓的六大品牌,分别是丹麦的 GN ReSound,丹麦 William Demant 集团旗下的 Oticon,瑞士 Phonak 集团旗下的 Sonova,美国 Starkey,丹麦 Widex,以及从德国西门子分拆出来的 Sivantos,这六家公司就已经占据了全球超过 9 成的市占率。
就在两个月前,Widex 和 Sivantos 宣布合并,成为前三大助听器厂商,预计合并后的集团年销售额达 16 亿欧元。另外,助听器中使用的芯片则来自三大厂商:高通,恩智浦半导体 NXP(已被高通收购),安森美半导体(ON Semiconductor)。
虽然目前市场由上述六大巨头所把持,但他们也正面临着适应数字时代和更多精通技术公司的挑战,例如很想往医疗领域发展的苹果也默默尝试,目标把无线耳塞 AirPods 变成助听器,在今年开发者大会 WWDC,苹果释出 iOS 12 测试版,用户启用 Live Listen 辅助听力技术后,iPhone 就变为一个指向性麦克风,通过放大声音,让 AirPods 变成某种程度的听力辅助器。
助听器是属于一种医疗器材,必须经过完整且漫长的医事检验流程,这往往也是许多电子产品业者想进军医疗器材会遭遇的挑战,当然,苹果也并非过度乐观,主要是美国在 2017 年 8 月通过一项具指标性意义的新法,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)为中度至轻度听力受损的人新增加一项“非处方”、也就是可临柜购买(OTC,Over-The-Counter)的可穿戴听力设备类别,同时 FDA 有 3 年的时间来完成 OTC 听力设备的规章制度。
此类助听器不同于传统助听器需要通过 FDA 医疗器材等级的认证,但仍需要符合 FDA 的监管规章,有些轻度症状的人未来不需到特定机构进行验配,可以直接在零售通路购买助听器,类似老花眼镜一样,由于市场商机可期,让许多电子设备厂商摩拳擦掌展开布局。
助听器里的机器学习
另一方面,现有助听器仍有许多变革空间,包括声音品质、使用体验、价格,使用机器学习来改善现有相关技术,已经是行业兴起的趋势,像是基于深度学习的多模态语音增强、以深度神经网络分类分离语音和噪声、以深度学习优化降噪等,都能见到大企业跟初创公司投入,如知名的助听器品牌 Widex、初创企业如由美国俄亥俄州立大学教授汪德亮担任首席科学家的大象声科、或是团队来自芯片公司如联发科、恩智浦半导体的 RelaJet 等。
现有助听器主要有两个层面的问题,第一个是技术,其次是成本。
助听器主要由三大元件构成:麦克风、扩大器(amplifier)及接收器。简单来说,现有绝大多数助听器的处理流程是前处理+声音处理+后处理,根据 FDA 的规定,声音从助听器的麦克风收音进来、算法处理、到喇叭播放出声音,整个流程只有 10 毫秒(ms)的处理时间,之所以有不得超过 10ms 的原因在于声音延迟太久,容易导致助听器用户出现头晕、不舒服的现象,概念就像是配戴 VR 头显一样,视觉影像的延迟也会导致用户体验不佳。
所谓的前处理包括把声音转为数位讯号、降噪等,而后处理的工作则有语音合成等,前、后处理分别会占用 1~2ms 的时间,扣除之后,只留有 5~6ms 给算法进行声音处理,正因为处理的时间相当受限,能做的事就不多,所以过去 20~30 年助听器的研究多围绕在移频、声音放大、降噪,或是体积的缩小、芯片功耗的减少、增加 2.4 GHz、蓝牙无线连结功能等。
图|现有多数助听器的处理流程。
说话大声的人不一定对用户有意义
再加上,传统助听器的设计逻辑较为过时,助听器多是针对讲话比较大声的那一个人的声音放大,但讲话比较大声的人对助听器佩戴者来说,就代表比较重要吗?很可能不是,佩戴者或许会更想听清楚家人、朋友、同事所讲的话,所以这种应用场景需求的设想是存在误解的。此外,助听器使用的传统算法多半无法同时分离太多人的声音。
再来就是价格昂贵,助听器的价格范围颇大,依功能、厂牌从 1000~5000 美元不等,除了设备之外,还有耗材如电池的开销。尽管助听器的预期使用寿命大约是 5 年,高于一般消费电子产品,但对一般人来说仍是一笔不小的负担。
RelaJet 创始人陈柏儒本身就是一名助听器的佩戴者,知道听障者在日常沟通上会遇到何种困扰,痛点是什么。他就举例表示,假设在咖啡厅里,每个人讲话的声音频率,能量都接近时,就会对听障者非常困扰,因为很不容易从助听器放大的 2D 声音中专注其中一个人的声音。另外,一般助听器多只能做单一人声的辨别,有时甚至还会把噪音加强。同时还有产品价格的助听器成本高低问题,“我配戴的助听器,一个耳朵就要价 4666 美元,以及每一周花 1 美元更换电池”。
先前任职联发科的陈柏儒,做的就是芯片设计,基于机器学习开发出一个“人声分离引擎”,来解决上述的技术性问题,并与在中国国内担任律师的哥哥陈宥任一起创业,其他核心技术成员都是来自联发科、恩智浦等知名芯片公司。
传统的人声分离作法
过去在多人声分离领域,大致可归类两种作法:
一是采集大量的个人语音音档,透过声纹、频率分离,目前在国际论文上,做到比较好的准确度以 2 人分离或者是 3 人分离为主。目前这种做法需要花大量的时间做客制化声音的训练。
二是透过物理麦克风阵列。主要是透过麦克风摆放的物理性解决问题,基本上用两只麦克风就能算出角位差,透过这样的差距可以设计模型透过声音的差异去分辨人的声纹、方向等,但是两只麦克风有一个问题就是彼此距离稍微长,所以开始有人研究 3 只以上的策略,来缩小终端装置的体积,不过普遍来看会有一个问题,当两个频率接近、而且站得近的人会不太容易分离,因此分离出来的声音可能还是会遇上体验不佳的情形。
鸡尾酒派对有机会散场
RelaJet 的技术之所以引人注目,在于他们开发一套神经网络引擎,直接让声音的 PCM 档进去这个引擎,而输出也是 PCM 输出,少掉了上述的前处理和后处理,所以有完整的 10 ms 时间做声音处理。
例如在“多人”人声场景下,能把每个人的声音分离达到 6~8 成的准确度,最初训练出来的模型只能做到 6 成准确度,后来他们使用生成对抗式网络(GAN)做补强,近一步提高到 8 成,而剩下的 2 成,原因在于大多数人说话的声音频率都很接近,想要百分之百辨识仍有一定难度,但相较于传统助听器在多人人声的环境,分离准确度大概只能做到 3~4 成,效果已经翻了一倍。
另外,陈柏儒表示,不同语言会影响助听器收音的调教,而且亚洲人的对话中又特别常出现中英文夹杂的特色,这也需要对模型进行特别的训练,RelaJet 训练的模型就是锁定亚洲市场需求。对于近一步技术细节,RelaJet 将在近一个月发表论文,对外公开。
图| RelaJet 的方案拿掉前处理和后处理,让声音直接进入神经网络引擎
另外,使用机器学习还有一项好处,可以依照特定人声特征抽取分离,增加其强度后,以改善吵杂环境里鸡尾酒派对(cocktail party effect)的问题。
英国心理学家 Colin Cherry 在 60 年代提出人类听觉有选择能力的特质,比如在一个派对上夹杂着众人谈话的声音、音乐声、酒杯碰撞声,但是在这些环境音的干扰下,人类还是可以针对与自己相关或是注意的声音特别关注,像是当有人喊你的名字,你依旧听得清楚。因此科学家及行业人士一直希望能突破智能音箱、服务型机器人、甚至是助听器的鸡尾酒派对问题,以改善这些设备的使用体验。
而 RelaJet 提供了一个方式提升助听器识别某些人声的能力,使用者利用手机 APP 录制 3~5 秒钟的声源,上传系统进行声音特征分析、作为标注特定人声后,就会自动把更新后的模型部署到助听器上,也就是说,用户可以自订,针对某些比较有意义的人声进行特别放大,像是家人、男女朋友,就可以在吵杂的人声之中相对听清楚对方的声音。另一个好处就是无需再跑到医院调校助听器,也不用像向传统助听器得预录 2~3 小时的录音档,现在只要 3~5 秒就行。“如此可解决一定程度的鸡尾酒派对问题”。
至于可以预录多少人声,“取决于硬体的资源,资源越多就可以预录越多人,但是以使用者的需求来说,强化特定 2~3 个人的声音,大致上就可以满足,”陈柏儒说。另外,RelaJet 的 APP 也可以让用户切换情境,例如家里、办公室,助听器就会针对个别环境进行较适合的声音处理细节。
对初创公司来说,要直接与助听器品牌竞争,是一件困难且漫长的路,不仅医疗仪器验证时间长,还得打通与医院、诊所等医疗生态圈的关系,RelaJet 清楚自己的强项在于芯片设计+算法,所以他们不做助听器,而是提供 Turnkey Solution 给助听器品牌或是医疗设备的芯片商,声音运算都在 edge 端(也就是助听器)做即时处理,因此 AI 算法如何做得精简又准确,但又要做到硬体平台的驱动,这就是他们比传统的声音算法公司更具有优势的地方。
在 IC 设计行业多年的陈柏儒就指出,现有助听器都是采用高阶的芯片,价格偏高,但在这一波机器学习浪潮下,可以通过新式算法提升助听器的声音处理的能力,只要搭配使用中阶的芯片,就能够改善整体助听器的品质,“我们的目标是做到现有助听器 1/3 的价格,”他说。
图|RelaJet 执行长陈柏儒(中)、营运长陈宥任(前右一)、与其团队成员(图片来源:DT 君)
又一个行业准备被 AI+区块链搅乱
为什么助听器产业发展数十年来改善的程度一直很有限?除了上述提及的技术受限于 10 毫秒的问题之外,还有一个很大的问题,就是研发助听器的公司拿不到用户数据。由于医疗数据是十分受到保护、具有高隐私性的资讯,助听器用户进行听力检查,使用一段时间后,需要把助听器拿回医院、听力中心进行参数调校,这些数据都是留在医疗机构,“所以助听器公司必须向医院购买,才能拿到数据以改善产品,但用户数据往往很昂贵,”RelaJet 联合创始人陈宥任说。再加上,欧洲的个人隐私保护法案 GDPR 已经上路,也导致医疗数据的取得更加困难。
缺乏用户反馈,就很难快速改善产品的设计,因此,如何取得用户的数据,是助听器品牌一直很想解决的痛点,从去年就开始火爆起来的区块链,强调数据加密安全、不可窜改等特性,正好给了医疗领域一个非常好的机会,有意使用区块链来做医疗数据分享、交易的公司越来越多,像是以太坊联合创始人 Joseph Lubin 创立的 ConsenSys 公司旗下专攻企业区块链方案的 Kaleido 公司宣布与上海凯峰基因(Caifeng Gene)合作,将搭建一个联盟区块链以及数据交易平台,在此平台上采集并管理发展糖尿病医学研究的数据。另外,由遗传学大牛、哈佛大学教授 George Church 共同创立的 Nebula Genomics 的基因测试公司、获得国内医药研发龙头药明康德投资的美国 AI 制药公司 Insilico Medicine 都有类似的计划。
目前 RelaJet 已与助听器客户规划搭建一个区块链平台,通过区块链的加密特性保护用户隐私,当用户“出于自己意愿”分享使用数据,就可以获得 Token 奖励,不过,平台上的 Token 并没有 ICO 的计划,一方面用户可以使用这些 Token 免费兑换电池等耗材,另一方面助听器业者则可以获得用户数据及体验反馈,借此持续优化产品。
最初 RelaJet 提出用区块链来保证音档不被窜改,以及点对点传到对的人手中,后来在实作与客户沟通时,发现当前的医疗资料交换缺少高频次且具备认证的交易系统,区块链正是很好的解法,“助听器业者对此区块链平台非常有兴趣,目前已经拿下几个客户,预计区块链平台将在明年推出,”陈柏儒指出。
人工智能的声学应用多偏重在商业价值上的应用,智能音箱、机器人客服,区块链也以金融交易为主,但这两项技术的结合应用在医疗领域也逐渐受到重视,除了先天上就需要佩戴助听器的族群之外,随着越来越多国家步入老年化社会,助听器的需求也呈现上升,人工智能与区块链即将为这项产品带来新的变革机会。
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